Integration of Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems with HVAC Infrastructure for Energy-Positive Buildings in Pennsylvania

Abstract

The transition toward energy-positive buildings represents a critical milestone in achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable urban development in the United States. This review paper examines the integration of photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) systems with heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) infrastructure in Pennsylvania, a state characterized by diverse climatic conditions and substantial renewable energy potential. The study explores how hybrid PV/T systems can simultaneously generate electrical and thermal energy to support HVAC operations, reduce peak energy demand, and improve the overall energy performance of buildings. It reviews advancements in PV/T material design, system configurations, and control algorithms for dynamic load balancing, as well as the economic and environmental benefits of PV/T–HVAC coupling. Furthermore, the paper analyzes Pennsylvania’s regulatory and policy framework governing renewable energy deployment and its impact on building retrofits and smart grid integration. Case studies of energy-positive or near-zero energy buildings within the Mid-Atlantic region are evaluated to highlight best practices, implementation challenges, and performance metrics. Finally, the paper discusses future research directions in predictive control, thermal storage integration, and digital twin enabled HVAC optimization. The findings underscore that PV/T–HVAC integration not only enhances building energy resilience and occupant comfort but also contributes significantly to statewide decarbonization goals.